By the end of the First World War it had become clear that combating aircraft that were flying ever higher and faster required suitable methods of deploying anti-aircraft artillery. Determining the lead point, which is determined from the direction of movement and speed of the aerial target and the flight time of the projectiles, was proving increasingly problematic. Using the ring sight commonly used for anti-aircraft weapons, the lead point could only be estimated, not determined. The idea of being able to calculate the lead point using the target coordinates of the aerial target and their rate of change led to the development of the first command devices for controlling anti-aircraft batteries. These devices, designed as analog computers, could use the target coordinates determined by optical rangefinders to determine the guide values for the guns and, for large-caliber anti-aircraft weapons, the running time of the time fuse on the grenades. From the beginning of the 1940s these command devices were also coupled to radar stations to determine the target coordinates.

(Example) Command device and its use in an anti-aircraft position

Small command device C5 (Kleinkog)

Dreiwag coast heavy

A point in space, the target, is determined by the three measurement values: - distance to the measuring point - azimuth angle to the measuring point - elevation angle to the measuring point in relation to a fixed position line on the map plane. The corresponding values are normally determined using the above-mentioned mounted spatial image rangefinder and the associated telescopes and are continuously fed into the command device. Alternatively, they can also be determined and transmitted by a radio measuring device.

Mit diesen Werten wurde die Horizontaltgeschwindigkeit und die Flugrichtung des Zieles ermittelt,

Ein Geschütz, daß das Flugziel bekämpfen soll, darf nicht auf den augenblicklichen Meßpunkt gerichtet sein, sondern auf einen vorausliegenden Punkt des Zielweges, den Treffpunkt. Dieser Punkt ist abhängig von der Ladeverzugszeit und der Flugzeit des Geschosses sowie der Wegstrecke, die das Ziel in dieser Zeit zurücklegt. Der Treffpunkt wird im Kommandogerät errechnet.

Die für die einzelnen Geschütze benötigten Werte werden aus dem Treffpunkt, dem horizontalen und vertikalen Stellungsunterschied sowie der Flugbahn des Geschosses, abhängig von dem Geschoßgewicht, dem Drall, der Pulvertemperatur, der Anfangsgeschwindigkeit, dem Windeinfluss und dem spezifischen Gewicht der Luft, ermittelt.

Weiterhin wird mit den aufgenommenen Werten die Stellzeit für die Zeitzünder der Granaten ermittelt (Flugzeit der Geschosse zum Zielpunkt). Die ermittelten Werte des Dreiwag werden durch die drei Geber an die Empfangssysteme der Geschütze geleitet. Durch den Verteilerkasten ist es möglich, mehrere Geschütze anschließen. Das Gerät selbst muß im Zentrum der Batterie liegen. Es ist transportfähig, dies erfordert aber größere Vorbereitungen. Zudem ist für jegliche Flakbatterie verwendbar und muss nur auf das jeweilige Kaliber eingestellt werden. Zum Schutz der Besatzung ist das Gerät mit einer Panzerkuppel versehen und um 360 Grad drehbar.

The "Dreiwag Küste schwer" with the 6m-R(H) base on the control station 1 of the Flak battery Kugelbake.

Source: Marine helper in the Kugelbake/H..Schönemann battery, Koblenz Military Technology Study Collection

The anti-aircraft windscreen is used to determine the wind T.-V., the wind lead and the spin depending on distance, aiming direction to the wind direction, wind strength and ballistics. It consists of the following parts: housing, table, cam disc, firing direction indicator, degree ring, glass cover and night lighting system.

The cam disc is placed on the table so that the recess in the latter engages with the pin on the table. There are yellow concentric circles on the cam disc which are used to determine the spin. They become narrower towards the outside as the spin deviation increases with increasing distance. There are also red and green solid lines for determining the wind T.-V. The target height and wind speed can be read in the middle part of the cam disc. The wind direction arrow is also attached here. There are anti-aircraft wind discs from 4 to 34 m/sec., divided from 2 to 2 m/sec. The ballistics are indicated on the edge of the disc. The degree ring is divided into 360 degrees. It is mounted so that it can rotate. The firing direction arrow circles above the cam disc. It is provided with a hm division from 10 to 75 hm.

Nachdem die Nr.9 die Messentfernung ausgerufen hat, greift der Bedienungsmann der Flakwindscheibe dieselbe am Schussrichtungszeiger ab und beobachtet, wo dieser mit einer der Kurven schneidet. Die Werte für Windvorhalt und Drall stellt er an der dreifachen Verbesserung ein. Die Wind-T.-V. ruft er Nr.4 zum Einstellen an der T.-V.-Skala zu. Dabei werden diese Werte genauso verrechnet wie die Kommandoverbesserungen des Flak- Leiters.

Here you can clearly see the double aiming glasses on the Em 4m R40. The container for the four lead collectors 2B38 hangs on the frame. When connected in series, they had a voltage of 4 volts and an output of '76 ampere hours.

Ein Raumbild - Entfernungmessgerät 6 m - R(M), wie es auf dem Dreiwag der Marine verwendet wurde.

Source: Military Technology Study Collection Koblenz, Weapons Arsenal S-21

FUSE 62 A Würzburg radar device (FUMO 22 - naval designation)

Radio measuring device was the term used by the German Wehrmacht before and during the Second World War for radio technology systems and devices that were used to locate aircraft or ships, to control the fire of anti-aircraft and coastal artillery, or to guide their own fighter aircraft.

These can be divided into active radio measuring devices (now radar devices) with transmitting and receiving parts, later also called radio measuring device (FuMO), and passive devices that only received signals and did not transmit them.

The official name of the active devices was FuSE (radio transmitting and receiving device). The fire control radar systems of the coastal artillery and naval anti-aircraft guns operated by the Navy were called FuMO (radio measuring and locating device, e.g. FuMO 22). The FuMG 62 "Würzburg" was initially also called FMG 39 (flak measuring device, introduced in 1939).

The FuMG 62 was one of the first pulse radar devices to work with decimeter waves at a frequency of 560 MHz (wavelength 53.6 cm) to accurately determine the distance and altitude of enemy aircraft. Development began in the late 1930s; the first devices were used in 1940. In total, more than 4,000 devices of various model series were probably produced. It was named after the city of Würzburg because the head of Telefunken radar development, Wilhelm Runge, preferred cities as code names.

Those: http://www.atlantikwall.info/radar/technik/flakziel.htm

SMOKING 22

Source: Federal Archives Image 101I-356-1845-08

FUMO 22Source: Federal Archives Image 101I-621-2930-32

Flakleitgerät 41g (FUMO 201/202 Marinebezeichnung)

Das FuMO 202 Flakleitgerät sendete in der Frequenz 368 MHz mit einer Reichweite zwischen 20 und 30 km. Die deutschen Radarsysteme waren bereits damals in der Lage, seitlich eine Richtung zum Ziel finden. Um allerdings Flugzeuge als echtes Flakradar bekämpfen zu können, wurden jedoch mehr Daten benötigt. Die Antwort der Zeit ist dieses Radargerät das auch in der Lage war, eine Höhenrichtung für eine Messung in der Luft auf elektronischem Wege in Kombination mit dem Entfernungsmesser zu ermitteln. Eines der ersten echten Flak Radarsysteme. Jeder Reflektor hatte seine Aufgabe, die Vertikale war für die Höhenrichtung und die Horizontale für die Seitenrichtung zuständig. Die Anlagen waren in den Flakbatterien in entsprechenden Bettungen oder auf sogenannten Flakleittürmen gelagert.

Those: www.gyges.dk

Quelle: 3dwarehouse.com

FuMG 65/FuSE 65 Würzburg - Riese (Giant) / German Air Force

The FuMG 65 Würzburg - Riese was a further development of the FuMG 62, which was developed and produced by the Telefunken company. The stationary "giants" (designation: radio transceiver FuSE 65 or radio measuring device FuMG 65), introduced in mid-1941, were used to guide the Luftwaffe's night fighters and were installed on the control towers of the large anti-aircraft towers for fire control. The Luftwaffe expert and general Josef Kammhuber, commander of the night fighters, planned and built a defense line of so-called "canopy bed" positions, which became known to the English under the name of its organizer as the "Kammhuber Line". The line, which was ultimately over 1000 km long, stretched from Denmark to northern France and was a sophisticated system of radio measuring positions, night fighter airfields, anti-aircraft batteries and flight guards, all of which were connected by telephone to fighter control centers. The radar stations with overlapping detection ranges, searchlight positions and night fighter units ready to take off were intended to keep British and later American aircraft away from German airspace. From July 1943, the Allies disrupted the effectiveness of the radar systems by dropping tinfoil strips (chaff). The many radio echoes initially irritated the German air defenses. However, it was soon possible to use the Doppler effect to determine the speed of the detected objects and to block out the slowly floating metal strips. This process made it possible to separate the chaff from the fast-flying aircraft echoes and make them visible again. As the FuMG 65 Würzburg-Riese itself was not able to roughly locate approaching aircraft, it was usually operated in combination with a FuMG 80 Freya. The Freya device was either at a certain distance or it was mounted on the right and left sides of the Würzburg-Riese.

Search area: 360 degreesRange: Search: 60–80 km, bearing: 50–60 kmTransmission frequency: 560 MHzWeight 15 tonsCrew 6Height 10.20 m / width 4.30 m / length 7.60 mMirror diameter 7.40 m

       Quelle: Waffenarsenal 132 , Wikipedia FuSe 65

Private: Denmark

Private: France-Normandy